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From lions to the tabby next door, cats possess a certain subtlety and unspoken purpose in everything they do. As territorial creatures, felines manage to lay claim to diverse domains, watching over them intently.

Cat Marking
Marking is normal behavior and is an important part of "nonverbal" communication between cats, helping to establish and define boundaries and reassure the cat that the area is familiar.

Marking the territory involves the spraying of urine and the deposition of pheromones from glands strategically located on your cat's body. These glands are located in the facial area, around the tail region and even in the foot pads. Researchers in France have identified more than seventeen different substances acting as chemical markers — pheromones — in cats.

The commonly observed behavior of a cat rubbing his face or cheek against objects is an instinctual behavior that releases facial pheromones, communicating that the area is familiar and safe. The presence of facial pheromones, even in synthetic form, has been shown to have a calming effect on cats.

Cat Spraying
Another common form of territorial marking, urine spraying, is often stimulated by new visual or olfactory cues introduced into your cat's environment. Seeing or smelling a visiting cat outdoors, new furniture, a new pet or a stranger in the house could be sufficient reason for your cat to "spray" in an attempt to define boundaries and confirm his social standing.

Inappropriate Elimination
Urinating outside the litter box should not be confused with spraying. Owners are dismayed to discover their normally well-behaved feline depositing urine in inappropriate locations. A trip to your veterinarian for an examination is recommended to rule out the possibility of infection or some other inflammatory condition involving your cat's urinary tract.

In rare cases, "marking" and breaking litter training occur simultaneously, although they happen for different reasons.

Which is Which?
Cats who are establishing territory by urinating tend to mark vertical surfaces. They stand with their legs straight, tail stiff and vertical and back up to the target. Using pheromone spray can sometimes curb this behavior.

Inappropriate elimination of urine or feces is usually a result of medical issues. You'll see your cat avoiding the litter box, and squatting to eliminate on horizontal surfaces (floors, carpets, quiet corners, or even the dog's food dish!).

Urine Spraying in the Mating Season
Spraying is a common component of cat behavior during the mating season with males and females "communicating" their availability via their chemical markers.

A male cat sprays when he becomes excited by the presence of a female cat who is in heat. The spraying marks the area as his domain and discourages other males from intruding.


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